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Excel Data Entry and Numerical Summary Techniques

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Biostatistics 100A: Laboratory Session One Spring 2022
I. Computer Exercise
Objectives:
1. Introduce the Excel Ribbon
2. Manually enter data into Excel
3. Use Excel to report numerical summaries of data
Excel Ribbon
An item we will reference as the “ribbon” often is referring to the top line of your Excel
program. See Figure 1.
Figure 1: Excel Ribbon
Manually Enter Data Into Excel:
The following data set represents the ages (in years) of a small class of students:
{18, 19, 23, 19, 24, 20, 18, 21, 22, 23, 18}
To enter this information into Excel, we can enter each number into a distinct cell.
You can enter the numbers in the same row or the same column, whichever is
most convenient. Generally in statistics, we like to represent a sample as a single
column. Each row represents one individual within that sample.
Figure 2: Data entered into one column.
Biostatistics 100A: Laboratory Session One Fall 2009
To change a cell’s entry, click on the cell and type over it. There is even a
command line below the ribbon which will show an editable version of the cell’s
contents.
What if you have more than one variable recorded for each individual? For
example, suppose the results of the first exam are recorded as follows:
{75, 77, 94, 75, 79, 80, 66, 82, 86, 80, 78}
We can enter this information into Excel by typing the numbers into individual
cells in the second column.
In this course, we will learn many operations and ways of comparing and
analyzing two different samples with multiple covariates to get a statistical
understanding of a dataset.
Figure 3: Multiple columns of data
Biostatistics 100A: Laboratory Session One Fall 2009
To change a cell’s entry, click on the cell and type over it. There is even a
command line below the ribbon which will show an editable version of the cell’s
contents.
What if you have more than one variable recorded for each individual? For
example, suppose the results of the first exam are recorded as follows:
{75, 77, 94, 75, 79, 80, 66, 82, 86, 80, 78}
We can enter this information into Excel by typing the numbers into individual
cells in the second column.
In this course, we will learn many operations and ways of comparing and
analyzing two different samples with multiple covariates to get a statistical
understanding of a dataset.
Figure 3: Multiple columns of data
Typically, we like to put column names at the top of our dataset. If we have
already input our data, we do not currently have room for another row. Left-click
on Row 1 and click insert. This inserts another row for us to enter our column
names, “age” and “first exam”. See Figures 4 and 5 for explicit instructions
Biostatistics 100A: Laboratory Session One Spring 2022
Figure 4: How to insert a new row or column. (Right click on either the row/column
where you want the new row/column, and click on Insert. Similarly, we can delete a row
or column.)
Figure 5: What your data should look like
Biostatistics 100A: Laboratory Session One Fall 2009
For practice, try entering the data for 5 variables below by using what you just
learned.
site capacity decom start close
1 24 14 1962 1968
2 33 64 1963 1981
3 65 55 1963 1976
4 72 98 1957 1982
5 210 95 1900 1978
Numerical Summaries:
We will eventually run an operation (+, -, *, ÷, “average”, etc.) on a set of
numbers like the one above. Sometimes we run these operations across many
sets of numbers. To select a set of numbers in excel, we hold-click and highlight
the numbers desired. To select disparate cells, we can hold control and then
click. Note: If you select the cells that represent the ages of our sample, excel
represents these cells as A2:A12. In order to run an operation on these ages, we
type “=” then our command followed by parentheses. Within these parentheses
we put which cells we want them to compute. Examples are below.
Sum of the age values: =SUM(A2:A12)
Mean of the age values: =AVERAGE(A2:A12)
Median of the age values: =MEDIAN(A2:A12)
Minimum age: =MIN(A2:A12)
Maximum first test score: =MAX(B2:B12) (Note: We look at test score here),
25th Percentile: =PERCENTILE(A2:12, .25)
75th Percentile: =PERCENTILE(A2:A12, .75)
Standard Deviation: =STDEV(A2:A12)
Note: The percentile command will not produce the exact same answer as you
would get if you worked it out by hand using the procedure we learned in class,
or if you used the TI-83 or TI-84 calculator. Not all textbooks and technology
agree on the formulas used to calculate quartiles.
Second Note: We WILL provide most if not all functions that will be used in this
class.
Analysis. Turn in the following:
Biostatistics 100A: Laboratory Session One Spring 2022
1. Briefly describe the distribution of age. State the range and center of the data.
Is the age distribution symmetric?
The average is 20.45, the standard deviation is 2.25, the 25th percentile is 18.5, and the
75th percentile is 22.5, and the median is 20. The range of age goes from 18-24 years
old, so the maximum minus minimum age would be 6 years range. The center (median)
of the data is 20 and the center (mean) of the data is 20.45. The age distribution is not
symmetric. If it was symmetric, there would be more equal amount of students for each
age. However, this is not the case, as there are more 18 and 19 year olds than 21 and
22 year olds, for example.
2. Report the mean, median, minimum, and maximum of the students’ exam scores
using similar code noted in the ‘numerical summaries’ section above.
Mean – 79.27, median – 79, min – 66, max – 94
4. Using the variable ‘age’, construct a stem-and-leaf display by hand. Using
the information from the numerical summaries, construct a boxplot for age.
(Notes: Minvalue *Q1 *1.5IQR, where IQR is Q3-Q1)
Biostatistics 100A: Laboratory Session One Spring 2022
1. Briefly describe the distribution of age. State the range and center of the data.
Is the age distribution symmetric?
The average is 20.45, the standard deviation is 2.25, the 25th percentile is 18.5, and the
75th percentile is 22.5, and the median is 20. The range of age goes from 18-24 years
old, so the maximum minus minimum age would be 6 years range. The center (median)
of the data is 20 and the center (mean) of the data is 20.45. The age distribution is not
symmetric. If it was symmetric, there would be more equal amount of students for each
age. However, this is not the case, as there are more 18 and 19 year olds than 21 and
22 year olds, for example.
2. Report the mean, median, minimum, and maximum of the students’ exam scores
using similar code noted in the ‘numerical summaries’ section above.
Mean – 79.27, median – 79, min – 66, max – 94
4. Using the variable ‘age’, construct a stem-and-leaf display by hand. Using
the information from the numerical summaries, construct a boxplot for age.
(Notes: Minvalue *Q1 *1.5IQR, where IQR is Q3-Q1)
II. Competency Assessment
C1. Describe the roles biostatistics serves in the discipline of public
health.
To successfully complete this competency, you may wish to review some of the
following material:
From Whitlock: Chapter 1.
From Class: Lecture 1.
Search www (google or other search engines) using the phrase
‘role of biostatistics in public health’.
Your written description should be double-space typed and under 250 words.
Biostatistics 100A: Laboratory Session One Fall 2009
Biostatistics serves many important roles in the discipline of public health. Biostatistics
not only helps us understand how to, for example, treat a disease, but how to control
the spread of it as well. Using data that reflects or simulates the population, statistics
can be used to determine what next best steps should be taken while keeping in mind
public health. It can be used in a multitude of ways, such as for preventive and
therapeutic clinical trials, and survey sampling. It can also be used for modeling
purposes, such as to create epidemiological models of disease spread. By explaining
and predicting health outcomes as well as looking at how pandemics/epidemics may
spread, this can help inform public health decisions made which will hopefully improve
quality of life for the population as a whole.

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